操作系统 Operating Systems Design and Implementation 设计与实现 eng【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 INTRODUCTION1

1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?4

1.1.1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine4

1.1.2 The Operating System as a Resource Manager5

1.2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS6

1.2.1 The First Generation（1945-55）Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards7

1.2.2 The Second Generation（1955-65）Transistors and Batch Systems7

1.2.3 The Third Generation（1965-1980）ICs and Multiprogramming9

1.2.4 The Fourth Generation（1980-Present）Personal Computers13

1.2.5 History of MINIX 314

1.3 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS17

1.3.1 Processes18

1.3.2 Files20

1.3.3 The Shell23

1.4 SYSTEM CALLS24

1.4.1 System Calls for Process Management25

1.4.2 System Calls for Signaling29

1.4.3 System Calls for File Management31

1.4.4 System Calls for Directory Management36

1.4.5 System Calls for Protection38

1.4.6 System Calls for Time Management40

1.5 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE40

1.5.1 Monolithic Systems40

1.5.2 Layered Systems43

1.5.3 Virtual Machines44

1.5.4 Exokernels47

1.5.5 Client-Server Model47

1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK49

1.7 SUMMARY49

2 PROCESSES53

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSES53

2.1.1 The Process Model54

2.1.2 Process Creation55

2.1.3 Process Termination57

2.1.4 Process Hierarchies58

2.1.5 Process States58

2.1.6 Implementation of Processes60

2.1.7 Threads62

2.2 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION67

2.2.1 Race Conditions67

2.2.2 Critical Sections68

2.2.3 Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting69

2.2.4 Sleep and Wakeup74

2.2.5 Semaphores76

2.2.6 Mutexes79

2.2.7 Monitors79

2.2.8 Message Passing83

2.3 CLASSICAL IPC PROBLEMS86

2.3.1 The Dining Philosophers Problem87

2.3.2 The Readers and Writers Problem90

2.4 SCHEDULING91

2.4.1 Introduction to Scheduling92

2.4.2 Scheduling in Batch Systems97

2.4.3 Scheduling in Interactive Systems100

2.4.4 Scheduling in Real-Time Systems107

2.4.5 Policy versus Mechanism108

2.4.6 Thread Scheduling108

2.5 OVERVIEW OF PROCESSES IN MINIX 3110

2.5.1 The Internal Structure of MINIX 3110

2.5.2 Process Management in MINIX 3114

2.5.3 Interprocess Communication in MINIX 3118

2.5.4 Process Scheduling in MINIX 3120

2.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESSES IN MINIX 3123

2.6.1 Organization of the MINIX 3 Source Code123

2.6.2 Compiling and Runniing MINIX 3126

2.6.3 The Common Header Files128

2.6.4 The MINIX 3 Header Files136

2.6.5 Process Data Structures and Header Files144

2.6.6 Bootstrapping MINIX 3154

2.6.7 System Initialization158

2.6.8 Interrupt Handling in MINIX 3165

2.6.9 Interprocess Communication in MINIX 3176

2.6.10 Scheduling in MINIX 3180

2.6.11 Hardware-Dependent Kernel Support183

2.6.12 Utilities and the Kernel Library188

2.7 THE SYSTEM TASK IN MINIX 3190

2.7.1 Overview of the System Task192

2.7.2 Implementation of the System Task195

2.7.3 Implementation of the System Libarary198

2.9 THE CLOCK TASK IN MINIX 3202

2.8.1 Clock Hardware202

2.8.2 Clock Software204

2.8.3 Overview of the Clock Driver in MINIX 3206

2.8.4 Implementation of the Clock Driver in MINIX 3210

2.9 SUMMARY212

3 INPUT/OUTPUT219

3.1 PRINCIPLES OF I/O HARDWARE220

3.1.1 I/O Devices221

3.1.2 Device Controllers221

3.1.3 Memory-Mapped I/O223

3.1.4 Interrupts224

3.1.5 Direct Memory Access225

3.2 PRINCIPLES OF I/O SOFTWARE227

3.2.1 Goals of the I/O Software227

3.2.2 Interrupt Handlers229

3.2.3 Device Drivers229

3.2.4 Device-Independent I/O Software231

3.2.5 User-Space I/O Software234

3.3 DEADLOCKS235

3.3.1 Resources236

3.3.2 Principles of Deadlock237

3.3.3 The Ostrich Algorithm240

3.3.4 Detection and Recovery242

3.3.5 Deadlock Prevention243

3.3.6 Deadlock Avoidance245

3.4 OVERVIEW OF I/O IN MINIX 3250

3.4.1 Interrupt Handlers in MINIX 3250

3.4.2 Device Drivers in MINIX 3254

3.4.3 Device-Independent I/O Software in MINIX 3257

3.4.4 User-level I/O Software in MINIX 3258

3.4.5 Deadlock Handling in MINIX 3258

3.5 BLOCK DEVICES IN MINIX 3259

3.5.1 Overview of Block Device Drivers in MINIX 3260

3.5.2 Common Block Device Driver Software263

3.5.3 The Driver Library267

3.6 RAM DISKS269

3.6.1 RAM Disk Hardware and Software269

3.6.2 Overview of the RAM Disk Driver in MINIX 3271

3.6.3 Implementation of the RAM Disk Driver in MINIX 3272

3.7 DISKS276

3.7.1 Disk Hardware276

3.7.2 RAID278

3.7.3 Disk Software279

3.7.4 Overview of the Hard Disk Driver in MINIX 3285

3.7.5 Implementation of the Hard Disk Driver in MINIX 3288

3.7.6 Floppy Disk Handling298

3.8 TERMINALS300

3.8.1 Terminal Hardware301

3.8.2 Terminal Software305

3.8.3 Overview of the Terminal Driver in MINIX 3314

3.8.4 Implementation of the Device-Independent Terminal Driver329

3.8.5 Implementation of the Keyboard Driver348

3.8.6 Implementation of the Display Driver355

3.9 SUMMARY364

4 MEMORY MANAGEMENT371

4.1 BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT372

4.1.1 Monoprogramming without Swapping or Paging372

4.1.2 Multiprogramming with Fixed Partitions373

4.1.3 Relocation and Protection375

4.2 SWAPPING376

4.2.1 Memory Management with Bitmaps378

4.2.2 Memory Management with Linked Lists379

4.3 VIRTUAL MEMORY381

4.3.1 Paging382

4.3.2 Page Tables386

4.3.3 TLBs—Translation Lookaside Buffers390

4.3.4 Inverted Page Tables393

4.4 PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS394

4.4.1 The Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm395

4.4.2 The Not Recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm396

4.4.3 The First-In,First-Out（FIFO）Page Replacement Algorithm397

4.4.4 The Second Chance Page Replacement Algorithm397

4.4.5 The Clock Page Replacement Algorithm398

4.4.6 The Least Recently Used（LRU）Page Replacement Algorithm399

4.4.7 Simulating LRU in Software399

4.5 DESIGN ISSUES FOR PAGING SYSTEMS402

4.5.1 The Working Set Model402

4.5.2 Local versus Global Allocation Policies404

4.5.3 Page Size406

4.5.4 Virtual Memory Interface408

4.6 SEGMENTATION408

4.6.1 Implementation of Pure Segmentation412

4.6.2 Segmentation with Paging：The Intel Pentium413

4.7 OVERVIEW OF THE MINIX 3 PROCESS MANAGER418

4.7.1 Memory Layout420

4.7.2 Message Handling423

4.7.3 Process Manager Data Structures and Algorithms424

4.7.4 The FORK,EXIT,and WAIT System Calls430

4.7.5 The EXEC System Call431

4.7.6 The BRK System Call435

4.7.7 Signal Handling436

4.7.8 Other System Calls444

4.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINIX 3 PROCESS MANAGER445

4.8.1 The Header Files and Data Structures445

4.8.2 The Main Program448

4.8.3 Implementation of FORK,EXIT,and WAIT453

4.8.4 Implementation of EXEC456

4.8.5 Implementation of BRK459

4.8.6 Implementation of Signal Handling460

4.8.7 Implementation of Other System Calls469

4.8.8 Memory Management Utilities471

4.9 SUMMARY473

5 FILE SYSTEMS479

5.1 FILES480

5.1.1 File Naming480

5.1.2 File Structure482

5.1.3 File Types483

5.1.4 File Access486

5.1.5 File Attributes486

5.1.6 File Operations488

5.2 DIRECTORIES489

5.2.1 Simple Directories489

5.2.2 Hierarchical Directory Systems490

5.2.3 Path Names491

5.2.4 Directory Operations494

5.3 FILE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION495

5.3.1 File System Layout495

5.3.2 Implementing Files497

5.3.3 Implementing Directories500

5.3.4 Disk Space Management507

5.3.5 File System Reliability510

5.3.6 File System Performance521

5.3.7 Log-Structured File Systems522

5.4 SECURITY524

5.4.1 The Security Environment524

5.4.2 Generic Security Attacks529

5.4.3 Design Principles for Security530

5.4.4 User Authentication531

5.5 PROTECTION MECHANISMS535

5.5.1 Protection Domains535

5.5.2 Access Control Lists537

5.5 3 Capabilities540

5.5.4 Covert Channels543

5.6 OVERVIEW OF THE MINIX 3 FILE SYSTEM546

5.6.1 Messages547

5.6.2 File System Layout547

5.6.3 Bitmaps551

5.6.4 I-Nodes553

5.6.5 The Block Cache555

5.6.6 Directories and Paths557

5.6.7 File Descriptors559

5.6.8 File Locking561

5.6.9 Pipes and Special Files561

5.6.10 An Example：The READ System Call563

5.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINIX 3 FILE SYSTEM564

5.7.1 Header Files and Global Data Structures564

5.7.2 Table Management568

5.7.3 The Main Program577

5.7.4 Operations on Individual Files581

5.7.5 Directories and Paths589

5.7.6 Other System Calls594

5.7.7 The I/O Device Interface595

5.7.8 Additional System Call Support601

5.7.9 File System Utilities603

5.7.10 Other MINIX 3 Components604

SUMMARY604

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY609